GRM4 is a 7 transmembrane (7TM) receptor belonging to the family 3 (also known as family C) of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Structurally they are composed of 4 elements; an N-terminal signal peptide; a large hydrophilic extracellular agonist-binding region; a region containing 7TM domains; and a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of variable length.  Family 3 members include the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), the extracellular calcium-sensing receptors (CASRs), the gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) type B receptors, and the vomeronasal type-2 receptors.  These GPCRs regulate many important physiological processes and many of them are promising targets for drug development. mGluRs are distinct from the ionotropic glutamate receptors and are coupled to G-proteins to stimulate the inositol phosphate/Ca2+ signaling pathway. At least 8 subtypes of mGluR (MGR1-8) have been identified and they differ in their agonist pharmacology and signal transduction pathways. They can be divided into 3 groups: Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C; Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. GRM4 may participate in the central action of glutamate in the CNS, such as long-term potentiation and depression. L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. 

GRM4 is a 7 transmembrane (7TM) receptor belonging to the family 3 (also known as family C) of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Structurally they are composed of 4 elements; an N-terminal signal peptide; a large hydrophilic extracellular agonist-binding region; a region containing 7TM domains; and a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of variable length.  Family 3 members include the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), the extracellular calcium-sensing receptors (CASRs), the gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) type B receptors, and the vomeronasal type-2 receptors.  These GPCRs regulate many important physiological processes and many of them are promising targets for drug development. mGluRs are distinct from the ionotropic glutamate receptors and are coupled to G-proteins to stimulate the inositol phosphate/Ca2+ signaling pathway. At least 8 subtypes of mGluR (MGR1-8) have been identified and they differ in their agonist pharmacology and signal transduction pathways. They can be divided into 3 groups: Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C; Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. GRM4 may participate in the central action of glutamate in the CNS, such as long-term potentiation and depression. L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. 

 

Product Details

 

Gene Symbol: GRM4; mGlu4; GPRC1D; MGLUR4

 

NCBI Gene ID: 2914

 

Uniprot Entry: Q14833

 

Construct Details: Full length human GRM4 gene is subcloned into the Lentiviral expression vector pLTC with an upstream CMV promoter and with or without a selection marker, which can be used for both transient and stable expression in mammalian cells.  It can be co-transfected with the LentiPAK DNA mix (SKU# LP-001) into HEK293 cells to produce high titer lentiviral particles. Multiple choices of a stable antibiotic selection marker are available.

 

Vector Type: pLTC or pLTC-IRES-Marker (lentiviral expression vector containing a heterologous CMV promoter, see the vector map above)

 

Formulation: Supplied with 10 μg of endotoxin-free plasmid DNA at 200 ng/μl in sterile TE buffer (pH8.0)

 

Gene Insert Size: 2739 (bp)

 

Gene Insert Sequence:  

ATGCCTGGGAAGAGAGGCTTGGGCTGGTGGTGGGCCCGGCTGCCCCTTTGCCTGCTCCTCAGCCTTTACG

GCCCCTGGATGCCTTCCTCCCTGGGAAAGCCCAAAGGCCACCCTCACATGAATTCCATCCGCATAGATGG

GGACATCACACTGGGAGGCCTGTTCCCGGTGCATGGCCGGGGCTCAGAGGGCAAGCCCTGTGGAGAACTT

AAGAAGGAAAAGGGCATCCACCGGCTGGAGGCCATGCTGTTCGCCCTGGATCGCATCAACAACGACCCGG

ACCTGCTGCCTAACATCACGCTGGGCGCCCGCATTCTGGACACCTGCTCCAGGGACACCCATGCCCTCGA

GCAGTCGCTGACCTTTGTGCAGGCGCTCATCGAGAAGGATGGCACAGAGGTCCGCTGTGGCAGTGGCGGC

CCACCCATCATCACCAAGCCTGAACGTGTGGTGGGTGTCATCGGTGCTTCAGGGAGCTCGGTCTCCATCA

TGGTGGCCAACATCCTTCGCCTCTTCAAGATACCCCAGATCAGCTACGCCTCCACAGCGCCAGACCTGAG

TGACAACAGCCGCTACGACTTCTTCTCCCGCGTGGTGCCCTCGGACACGTACCAGGCCCAGGCCATGGTG

GACATCGTCCGTGCCCTCAAGTGGAACTATGTGTCCACAGTGGCCTCGGAGGGCAGCTATGGTGAGAGCG

GTGTGGAGGCCTTCATCCAGAAGTCCCGTGAGGACGGGGGCGTGTGCATCGCCCAGTCGGTGAAGATACC

ACGGGAGCCCAAGGCAGGCGAGTTCGACAAGATCATCCGCCGCCTCCTGGAGACTTCGAACGCCAGGGCA

GTCATCATCTTTGCCAACGAGGATGACATCAGGCGTGTGCTGGAGGCAGCACGAAGGGCCAACCAGACAG

GCCATTTCTTCTGGATGGGCTCTGACAGCTGGGGCTCCAAGATTGCACCTGTGCTGCACCTGGAGGAGGT

GGCTGAGGGTGCTGTCACGATCCTCCCCAAGAGGATGTCCGTACGAGGCTTCGACCGCTACTTCTCCAGC

CGCACGCTGGACAACAACCGGCGCAACATCTGGTTTGCCGAGTTCTGGGAGGACAACTTCCACTGCAAGC

TGAGCCGCCACGCCCTCAAGAAGGGCAGCCACGTCAAGAAGTGCACCAACCGTGAGCGAATTGGGCAGGA

TTCAGCTTATGAGCAGGAGGGGAAGGTGCAGTTTGTGATCGATGCCGTGTACGCCATGGGCCACGCGCTG

CACGCCATGCACCGTGACCTGTGTCCCGGCCGCGTGGGGCTCTGCCCGCGCATGGACCCTGTAGATGGCA

CCCAGCTGCTTAAGTACATCCGAAACGTCAACTTCTCAGGCATCGCAGGGAACCCTGTGACCTTCAATGA

GAATGGAGATGCGCCTGGGCGCTATGACATCTACCAATACCAGCTGCGCAACGATTCTGCCGAGTACAAG

GTCATTGGCTCCTGGACTGACCACCTGCACCTTAGAATAGAGCGGATGCACTGGCCGGGGAGCGGGCAGC

AGCTGCCCCGCTCCATCTGCAGCCTGCCCTGCCAACCGGGTGAGCGGAAGAAGACAGTGAAGGGCATGCC

TTGCTGCTGGCACTGCGAGCCTTGCACAGGGTACCAGTACCAGGTGGACCGCTACACCTGTAAGACGTGT

CCCTATGACATGCGGCCCACAGAGAACCGCACGGGCTGCCGGCCCATCCCCATCATCAAGCTTGAGTGGG

GCTCGCCCTGGGCCGTGCTGCCCCTCTTCCTGGCCGTGGTGGGCATCGCTGCCACGTTGTTCGTGGTGAT

CACCTTTGTGCGCTACAACGACACGCCCATCGTCAAGGCCTCGGGCCGTGAACTGAGCTACGTGCTGCTG

GCAGGCATCTTCCTGTGCTATGCCACCACCTTCCTCATGATCGCTGAGCCCGACCTTGGCACCTGCTCGC

TGCGCCGAATCTTCCTGGGACTAGGGATGAGCATCAGCTATGCAGCCCTGCTCACCAAGACCAACCGCAT

CTACCGCATCTTCGAGCAGGGCAAGCGCTCGGTCAGTGCCCCACGCTTCATCAGCCCCGCCTCACAGCTG

GCCATCACCTTCAGCCTCATCTCGCTGCAGCTGCTGGGCATCTGTGTGTGGTTTGTGGTGGACCCCTCCC

ACTCGGTGGTGGACTTCCAGGACCAGCGGACACTCGACCCCCGCTTCGCCAGGGGTGTGCTCAAGTGTGA

CATCTCGGACCTGTCGCTCATCTGCCTGCTGGGCTACAGCATGCTGCTCATGGTCACGTGCACCGTGTAT

GCCATCAAGACACGCGGCGTGCCCGAGACCTTCAATGAGGCCAAGCCCATTGGCTTCACCATGTACACCA

CTTGCATCGTCTGGCTGGCCTTCATCCCCATCTTCTTTGGCACCTCGCAGTCGGCCGACAAGCTGTACAT

CCAGACGACGACGCTGACGGTCTCGGTGAGTCTGAGCGCCTCGGTGTCCCTGGGAATGCTCTACATGCCC

AAAGTCTACATCATCCTCTTCCACCCGGAGCAGAACGTGCCCAAGCGCAAGCGCAGCCTCAAAGCCGTCG

TTACGGCGGCCACCATGTCCAACAAGTTCACGCAGAAGGGCAACTTCCGGCCCAACGGAGAGGCCAAGTC

TGAGCTCTGCGAGAACCTTGAGGCCCCAGCGCTGGCCACCAAACAGACTTACGTCACTTACACCAACCAT

GCAATCTAG

 

 

Primers: Gene insert coding sequence can be confirmed by following primers:

(a) forward (or 5'-end) primer: 5’-CAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTG-3’;

(b) reverse (or 3'-end) primer: 5’-CCAGGTTTCCGGGCCCTCAC-3’

 

 

Note: The sequence may vary due to the naturally occurring variants or mutations, such as single nucleotide polymorphism, or the artifact during PCR amplification.  High fidelity PCR systems should always be used. 

 

 

FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE IN HUMAN.

Restriction: This product is not transferable or re-sellable.  Customer obtain no right to transfer, assign, or sublicense its use rights, or to transfer, resell, package, or otherwise distribute the product, or to use the product for the benefit of any third party or for any commercial purpose.  Customer may only use the product in compliance with applicable local, state and federal laws, regulations and rules.  Customer may not directly or indirectly use the product or allow the transfer, transmission, export or re-export of all or any part of the product in violation of any export control law or regulation of the united states or any other relevant jurisdiction.  Your use of this product constitutes acceptance of the terms of this limited use agreement.  Please refer to our “terms & conditions” for details.  If you are not willing to accept the limitation of this agreement, G&P Biosciences will accept return of the product for a full/partial refund.

 

Storage

 

The product is shipped at 4°C. Upon receipt, centrifuge the product briefly before opening the vial. It is recommended to store small aliquots at the temperature below –20°C for long-term storage and the product is stable for 6 months. 

 

 

 

Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

 

 

 

FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE IN HUMAN.

Restriction: This product is not transferable or re-sellable.  Customer obtain no right to transfer, assign, or sublicense its use rights, or to transfer, resell, package, or otherwise distribute the product, or to use the product for the benefit of any third party or for any commercial purpose.  Customer may only use the product in compliance with applicable local, state and federal laws, regulations and rules.  Customer may not directly or indirectly use the product or allow the transfer, transmission, export or re-export of all or any part of the product in violation of any export control law or regulation of the united states or any other relevant jurisdiction.  Your use of this product constitutes acceptance of the terms of this limited use agreement.  Please refer to our “terms & conditions” for details.  If you are not willing to accept the limitation of this agreement, G&P Biosciences will accept return of the product for a full/partial refund.

 

References

 

1. Ann Rev Biochem 56: 615 (1987)

2. Genome Biol. 2: S3013 (2001)

3. Science 301: 361 (2003)

4. Physiol Rev 85: 1159 (2005)

5. Genomics 88: 263 (2006)

 

 

  

 

Additional supporting documents, including product datasheet, COA and MSDS are available upon request.

 

 

 

FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE IN HUMAN.

Restriction: This product is not transferable or re-sellable.  Customer obtain no right to transfer, assign, or sublicense its use rights, or to transfer, resell, package, or otherwise distribute the product, or to use the product for the benefit of any third party or for any commercial purpose.  Customer may only use the product in compliance with applicable local, state and federal laws, regulations and rules.  Customer may not directly or indirectly use the product or allow the transfer, transmission, export or re-export of all or any part of the product in violation of any export control law or regulation of the united states or any other relevant jurisdiction.  Your use of this product constitutes acceptance of the terms of this limited use agreement.  Please refer to our “terms & conditions” for details.  If you are not willing to accept the limitation of this agreement, G&P Biosciences will accept return of the product for a full/partial refund.